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<h1>Landmark Cases</h1>
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<h3 id="banco-central-de-venezuela-v-bank-of-england">Banco Central de Venezuela v Bank of England - [2021] UKSC 57</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Zaiwalla & Co acted for the Central Bank of Venezuela (BCV) in a dispute arising out of the political crisis following Venezuela’s disputed 2018 presidential election. The Bank of England (BoE) holds approximately US$2.1 billion of gold reserves on behalf of the state of Venezuela appointed by President Maduro but has questioned the authority of the current Board of BCV. We are acting for the BCV in a claim against the BoE to gain access to those reserves to finance the purchase of humanitarian, food and medical supplies necessary to meet the Coronavirus pandemic. This is disputed by a board appointed by Juan Guaidó, who claims the title of Interim President of Venezuela.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">This issue has been considered by all levels of the UK courts, including the Supreme Court where Zaiwalla & Co acted.</p>
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<div class="cases">
<h3 id="overgas">Overgas- [2020] EWHC 303</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Our team acted for a Bulgarian gas distributor in arbitration disputes with Russian energy giant Gazprom, in relation to Gazprom’s decision to stop supplying natural gas to Overgas in January 2016. Gazprom claimed that Overgas owed them approximately $105m under this arrangement, while Overgas claimed that Gazprom had acted in breach of EU and Bulgarian competition law and in breach of contract. We achieved a significant confidential settlement for our client.</p>
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<div class="cases">
<h3 id="international-arbitration-over-company-dividends">International arbitration over company dividends</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Zaiwalla & Co obtains a confidential LCIA arbitration award in favour of its client for US$200 million in a dispute over family assets held through a Cypriot company following their client’s divorce.</p>
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<div class="cases">
<h3 id="punjab-national-bank-v-srinivasan">Punjab National Bank v Srinivasan- [2019] EWHC 89</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The team defeated a claim for US$45 million made against several defendants brought in the English High Court by an Indian bank, based on an alleged fraud. We successfully argued that the claim was too weak and should not have been started in England because the defendants were more closely connected with India. We also successfully resisted the Bank’s appeal against this decision.</p>
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<div class="cases">
<h3 id="bank-mellat">Bank Mellat- [2018] EWHC 2568</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Following a series of ground-breaking victories whereby Zaiwalla & Co overturned international sanctions that had been imposed against Bank Mellat by the European Council and the UK Government, we acted for the Bank in its subsequent claim for over US$4 billion in damages and we secured a significant confidential settlement from the UK Treasury.</p>
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<h3 id="erdenet-mining-corp-v-kazakhstan">Erdenet Mining Corp v Kazakhstan- [2016] EWHC 299</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">A determination of the High Court’s jurisdiction to hear a £25m dispute between a Mongolian-Russian mining company and the Kazakhstan government. The Court gave authoritative guidance on the rules by which it will hear and decide cases with international aspects.</p>
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<div class="cases">
<h3 id="kazkhstan-kagazy-v-arip-zhunus">Kazkhstan Kagazy v Arip & Zhunus- [2021] EWHC 3462 </h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">A multi-level fraud claim for over £150m, in which Zaiwalla & Co represented the London Stock Exchange listed Kazakh paper manufacturer to secure a freezing order against its former owners, which was upheld by the Court of Appeal. The case is now authority for many propositions of law, including the way the Court should deal with cost claim where lawyer incur disproportionate and unreasonable amounts of costs (as the opponents did in this case).</p>
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<div class="cases">
<h3 id="russian-federation-yukos">Russian Federation / Yukos</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The firm advised the Russian Federation on a successful strategy, based on a novel point of law not considered by the existing legal team, to apply in The Hague to set aside two US$50 billion international arbitration awards in favour of former Yukos shareholders.</p>
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</div>
<div class="cases">
<h3 id="sergei-polonskiy-v-dr-alexander-dobrovinsky-others">Sergei Polonskiy v Dr Alexander Dobrovinsky & Others</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">We acted for one of Moscow’s leading lawyers in defence to a $300 million claim by Russian oligarch Sergei Polonskiy following the sale of a stake in his company to another shareholder, which he claimed was going to be sold to oligarch Roman Abramovich. We successfully had the claim dismissed and a judgment was granted on our client’s counterclaim.</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="cases">
<h3 id="ipartner-pte-shipping-ltd-ors-v-panacore-resources">IPartner Pte Shipping Ltd & Ors v Panacore Resources- [2015] EWHC 1098</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">A well-publicised application where a claimant sought to commit a company’s directors to prison, on the basis that they had failed to comply with certain provisions of a worldwide freezing order. The Court held that if a company fails to comply with the terms of a freezing order, its directors could be fined or imprisoned, but only if they had ‘wilfully’ failed to comply.</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="cases">
<h3 id="pec-ltd-v-asia-golden-rice-co">PEC Ltd v Asia Golden Rice Co- [2014] EWHC 1583 </h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In the context of a major commodity dispute, Zaiwalla & Co overturned a GAFTA arbitration decision in the High Court. The Court accepted Zaiwalla & Co’s argument that a contract was not binding on an Indian Government public entity where it was signed by an employee who did not have actual or apparent authority to bind the company, regardless of the other parties’ belief that he did.</p>
<hr>
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<div class="cases">
<h3 id="union-marine-v-government-of-comoros">Union Marine v Government of Comoros- [2017] EWHC 2364 </h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Zaiwalla & Co won its argument that an arbitration clause was valid. The Court decided that an agreement which stated that “the parties could decide to submit any dispute between them to an arbiter of their choice in London” was a valid arbitration agreement. This is now a significant authority for the regular disputes between parties about whether they have even agreed to arbitrate.</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="cases">
<h3 id="bank-mellat-v-hm-treasury">Bank Mellat v HM Treasury- [2013] UKSC 38</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Considered to be one of the top 10 cases of 2013 by leading publication The Lawyer, Zaiwalla & Co. successfully challenged before the UK Supreme Court the listing of Bank Mellat by the UK Treasury under the UK’s Iran sanctions regime. Due to its major national security elements, the case involved the first ever ‘closed hearing’ in the Supreme Court’s history. It is now a landmark case on the approach to be adopted by the English Courts when part of the proceedings takes place behind closed doors.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Zaiwalla & Co also led Bank Mellat’s successful challenge against sanctions imposed by the European Union, causing the European Court of Justice to declare the sanctions unlawful.</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="cases">
<h3 id="jivraj-v-hashwani">Jivraj v Hashwani- [2015] EWHC 998</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Known as ‘the arbitration case of the decade’, Zaiwalla & Co won its client’s case in the Court of Appeal arguing that an arbitration agreement that purported to restrict the appointment of arbitrators to members of a single religious denomination was void by reason of anti-discrimination legislation applicable to employment rights.</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="cases">
<h3 id="shah-v-hsbc">Shah v HSBC- [2012] EWHC 1283</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">One of the most significant worldwide banking cases of the 2010s, where our client claimed damages of US$300 million arising out of his private bank’s refusal to carry out his instructions, on the basis of an alleged suspicion of money laundering. In granting our client’s appeal, the English Court of Appeal rejected HSBC’s argument that it did not need to prove that its employees did genuinely suspect money laundering – bank’s do not have ‘carte blanche’ to refuse their client’s instructions. Summary judgment for the bank was therefore refused and the matter went to a full trial.</p>
<hr>
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<div class="cases">
<h3 id="asm-shipping-ltd-of-india-v-ttmi-ltd-of-england">ASM Shipping Ltd of India v TTMI Ltd of England- | [2006] EWCA Civ 1341</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court held, for the first time, that an arbitrator should have stood down from his role because of his apparent bias in favour of the English party. This judgment was recently applied to by the UK Supreme Court in November 2020.</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="cases">
<h3 id="hussmann-europe-ltd-v-pharaon-aka-al-ameen">Hussmann (Europe) Ltd v Pharaon (aka Al Ameen)- [2003] EWCA Civ 266 </h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The losing party to an arbitration appealed to the Court of Appeal arguing on technical grounds that the arbitrators did not have any power to make the decision. Zaiwalla & Co successfully upheld the arbitrators’ decision for their client, helping to define the role of an arbitrator in English law.</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="cases">
<h3 id="union-of-india-v-mcdonnell-douglas-corp">Union of India v McDonnell Douglas Corp- | [1992] 12 WLUK 408</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The High Court decided that even though the parties had agreed to arbitrate any disputes in London, Indian law should apply to the arbitration procedure. This result was very beneficial to overseas parties fighting cases in London arbitrations.</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="cases">
<h3 id="president-of-india-v-la-pintada">President of India v La Pintada- [1985] A.C. 104</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Producing the Indian Government’s long-awaited first success in the UK House of Lords, this case determined the law in respect of claims for compound interest. It remains a leading authority in contract law nearly 40 years later.</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Since the early 1980s Zaiwalla & Co has handled over 1000 arbitrations arising out of vessel charters to transport foodstuffs to India during the food shortage between 1982-94. The firm’s tenacious defence of these claims saved the Indian Government over US$80 million at a time when foreign capital reserves were scarce.</p>
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